Evidence record

What happens when you die?

Every sentence on the exploration belongs to at least one claim below. Each says what kind of statement it is, what it rests on, what the evidence does not establish, and how far it was checked. Nothing here is a score, and none of it is a verdict on a belief or a theory.

Last checked 23 September 2026.

A judgement, not a fact: 28
Source checked: 31
Partly checked: 2

If something here is wrong, misquoted, out of date or unfair, write to support@unknownoceans.com and give the claim number, which does not change.

What the question takes for granted

A question no evidence can reach, filed at the bottom of the map. What can be checked is what the texts and the churches say, in what order, and who says which; the page reports that and leaves the answer open.

Something happens
Open
The question takes for granted that there is an after to describe. The page files that as unknown, and says that resuscitation reports do not reach it and that no one has information that could be checked.
The Bible gives one answer
Contested
The page’s point is that it gives several, in a rough order: Sheol, then resurrection, with a departing soul in a few texts, and a canon that differs between churches.
Christians agree on the answer
Contested
They agree on the creed’s resurrection and judgment and differ on the intermediate state, hell and purgatory, as the churches’ own documents show.
The dead are raised
A matter of belief
The creed’s claim, held by the churches that confess it and filed on the page as belief.

How the question is labelled

Claim: After death

Kind: Framing. Signposting. It asserts nothing a source could check.

Claim: After death

Kind: Framing. Signposting. It asserts nothing a source could check.

The question

Claim: The Bible answers this less often, and less consistently, than many people expect.

Kind: This page’s reading. A judgement the page makes from the evidence. Others read it differently.
Review: A judgement, not a fact. Reviewed for whether it is fairly put and follows from the checked claims. No source can confirm it.

The page’s own judgement, resting on the texts below: Ecclesiastes, Daniel and Paul say different things.

Supports · WEB
Ecclesiastes 9, World English BibleEcclesiastes 9:5
Cited · Link answered, 19 October 2026 · The cited passage was read, 23 September 2026
The source reads: For the living know that they will die, but the dead don’t know anything, neither do they have any more a reward; for their memory is forgotten.
Supports · WEB
Daniel 12, World English BibleDaniel 12:2
Cited · Link answered, 19 October 2026 · The cited passage was read, 23 September 2026
The source reads: Many of those who sleep in the dust of the earth will awake, some to everlasting life, and some to shame and everlasting contempt.
Supports · WEB
1 Corinthians 15, World English Bible1 Corinthians 15:42-44
Cited · Link answered, 19 October 2026 · The cited passage was read, 23 September 2026
The source reads: So also is the resurrection of the dead. The body is sown perishable; it is raised imperishable. It is sown in dishonor; it is raised in glory. It is sown in weakness; it is raised in power. It is sown a natural body; it is raised a spiritual body. There is a natural body and there is also a spiritual body.

What this does not establish

How much people expect is not measured anywhere on the page.

Corrected

23 September 2026. Previously: “The Bible answers this less often, and less consistently, than almost anyone expects.” A claim about what almost everyone expects, with nothing to measure it. Narrowed to what the page can say without a survey.

Claim 1 · checked 23 September 2026 · AI-assisted audit

Claim: Where the Hebrew Bible speaks of the dead, it mostly describes death as the end of awareness.

Kind: This page’s reading. A judgement the page makes from the evidence. Others read it differently.
Review: A judgement, not a fact. Reviewed for whether it is fairly put and follows from the checked claims. No source can confirm it.

A characterisation of a body of texts, carried here by Ecclesiastes and a psalm; the page shows the exception in Isaiah below.

Supports · WEB
Ecclesiastes 9, World English BibleEcclesiastes 9:5
Cited · Link answered, 19 October 2026 · The cited passage was read, 23 September 2026
The source reads: For the living know that they will die, but the dead don’t know anything, neither do they have any more a reward; for their memory is forgotten.
Supports · WEB
Psalm 6, World English BiblePsalm 6:4-5
Cited · Link answered, 19 October 2026 · The cited passage was read, 23 September 2026
The source reads: Return, Yahweh. Deliver my soul, and save me for your loving kindness’ sake. For in death there is no memory of you. In Sheol, who shall give you thanks?
Qualifies · WEB
Isaiah 14, World English BibleIsaiah 14:9-10
Cited · Link answered, 19 October 2026 · The cited passage was read, 23 September 2026
The source reads: It stirs up the departed spirits for you, even all the rulers of the earth.

What this does not establish

No count of every passage about the dead was made. Isaiah 14 and the story of the medium at Endor (1 Samuel 28) give the dead a shadowy presence, which is why the sentence says “mostly”.

Corrected

23 September 2026. Previously: “Most of the Hebrew Bible describes death as the end of awareness.” Most of the Hebrew Bible does not describe death at all, and some of what does gives the dead a shadowy presence in Sheol (Isaiah 14:9-10). Narrowed to what the texts carry.

Claim 2 · checked 23 September 2026 · AI-assisted audit

Claim: A bodily resurrection appears late and becomes central in Christianity.

Kind: Historical claim. A statement about the past that historical evidence can test.
Review: Source checked. The cited passage was read, and it says this.

Late: Daniel is dated by modern scholarship to the second century BCE. Central: Paul says the preaching is vain without it, and the creed ends on it.

Supports
The function of Daniel 1 in a second century BCE historical contextpp. 228 to 229
Cited · Link answered, 19 October 2026 · Read in full, 23 September 2026
The source reads: issues such as the authenticity of the predictions, literary critical considerations, and problems related to historical references in the book led to modern scholars to adopt the view that the book is a product of the second century BCE.
Supports · WEB
Daniel 12, World English BibleDaniel 12:2
Cited · Link answered, 19 October 2026 · The cited passage was read, 23 September 2026
The source reads: Many of those who sleep in the dust of the earth will awake, some to everlasting life, and some to shame and everlasting contempt.
Supports · WEB
1 Corinthians 15, World English Bible1 Corinthians 15:14, 20
Cited · Link answered, 19 October 2026 · The cited passage was read, 23 September 2026
The source reads: If Christ has not been raised, then our preaching is in vain and your faith also is in vain. ... But now Christ has been raised from the dead. He became the first fruit of those who are asleep.
Supports
The Nicene CreedFinal article
Cited · Link answered, 19 October 2026 · Read in full, 23 September 2026
The source reads: and I look for the resurrection of the dead, and the life of the world to come. Amen.

What this does not establish

The date of Daniel is the view of modern critical scholarship; some evangelical scholars still date it to the sixth century BCE.

Claim 3 · checked 23 September 2026 · AI-assisted audit

Claim: The popular picture of a soul going somewhere is a third thing again, with antecedents in Greek philosophy and in later Jewish writing.

Kind: Historical claim. A statement about the past that historical evidence can test.
Review: Source checked. The cited passage was read, and it says this.

Plato’s Phaedo argues that the soul is immortal and will exist in another world; the Wisdom of Solomon, a Jewish text, puts the souls of the righteous in God’s hand.

Supports · Jowett
Phaedo, translated by Benjamin JowettJowett tr., the close of the final argument, before Cebes declares himself convinced
Cited · Link answered, 19 October 2026 · Read in full, 23 September 2026
The source reads: Then, Cebes, beyond question, the soul is immortal and imperishable, and our souls will truly exist in another world!
Supports
PlatoOpening sentence
Cited · Link answered, 19 October 2026 · The cited passage was read, 23 September 2026
The source reads: Plato (429?–347 B.C.E.) is, by any reckoning, one of the most dazzling writers in the Western literary tradition
Supports · WEB
Wisdom of Solomon 3, World English BibleWisdom of Solomon 3:1-4
Cited · Link answered, 19 October 2026 · The cited passage was read, 23 September 2026
The source reads: But the souls of the righteous are in the hand of God, and no torment will touch them. ... For even if in the sight of men they are punished, their hope is full of immortality.
Supports
The origin of the resurrection idea: A dialogue with George Nickelsburgp. 1078
Cited · Link answered, 19 October 2026 · Read in full, 23 September 2026
The source reads: the Wisdom of Solomon is that the latter teached according to Nickelsburg (2006:113) the immortality of the soul rather than resurrection of the body.

What this does not establish

Antecedents, not a demonstrated line of descent: how far either shaped the popular picture is the open question the page describes further down.

Claim: This is the question the whole subject is usually assumed to be about, and it is the one the texts are least willing to answer directly.

Kind: This page’s reading. A judgement the page makes from the evidence. Others read it differently.
Review: A judgement, not a fact. Reviewed for whether it is fairly put and follows from the checked claims. No source can confirm it.

The page’s judgement, which the passages below illustrate rather than prove.

What this does not establish

“Least willing” is a comparison the page does not measure.

Claim 5 · checked 23 September 2026 · AI-assisted audit

Claim: What follows is not a survey of what people hope.

Kind: Framing. Signposting. It asserts nothing a source could check.

Claim: It is what the documents actually say, which turns out to be several different things, in a rough order, over many centuries.

Kind: Historical claim. A statement about the past that historical evidence can test.
Review: Source checked. The cited passage was read, and it says this.

The documents run from Plato and Daniel, in the fourth and second centuries BCE, to the Westminster Confession of 1647.

Supports
The function of Daniel 1 in a second century BCE historical contextpp. 228 to 229
Cited · Link answered, 19 October 2026 · Read in full, 23 September 2026
The source reads: issues such as the authenticity of the predictions, literary critical considerations, and problems related to historical references in the book led to modern scholars to adopt the view that the book is a product of the second century BCE.
Supports
PlatoOpening sentence
Cited · Link answered, 19 October 2026 · The cited passage was read, 23 September 2026
The source reads: Plato (429?–347 B.C.E.) is, by any reckoning, one of the most dazzling writers in the Western literary tradition
Supports
The Westminster Confession of Faith, chapters 1, 32 and 33: of scripture, of the state of men after death, of the last judgmentOPC, Confession and Catechisms page
Cited · Link answered, 19 October 2026 · The cited passage was read, 23 September 2026
The source reads: adopted (with minor revisions) the Westminster Confession of Faith, Larger and Shorter Catechisms (1647), as its secondary standards

Corrected

23 September 2026. Previously: “It is what the documents actually say, which turns out to be several different things, in a discernible order, over about a thousand years.” No source dated the span to about a thousand years, and the documents on the page run from the fourth century BCE to 1647. The order is also rougher than “discernible”: Ecclesiastes, used for the earliest view, is itself a late book.

Claim 7 · checked 23 September 2026 · AI-assisted audit

What the texts say, in order

Claim: What the texts say, in order

Kind: Framing. Signposting. It asserts nothing a source could check.

For most of the Hebrew Bible, death is the end of knowing

Claim: For most of the Hebrew Bible, death is the end of knowing

Kind: This page’s reading. A judgement the page makes from the evidence. Others read it differently.
Review: A judgement, not a fact. Reviewed for whether it is fairly put and follows from the checked claims. No source can confirm it.

The same characterisation as the summary, carried by the texts in the passage.

Supports · WEB
Ecclesiastes 9, World English BibleEcclesiastes 9:5
Cited · Link answered, 19 October 2026 · The cited passage was read, 23 September 2026
The source reads: For the living know that they will die, but the dead don’t know anything, neither do they have any more a reward; for their memory is forgotten.
Supports · WEB
Psalm 6, World English BiblePsalm 6:4-5
Cited · Link answered, 19 October 2026 · The cited passage was read, 23 September 2026
The source reads: Return, Yahweh. Deliver my soul, and save me for your loving kindness’ sake. For in death there is no memory of you. In Sheol, who shall give you thanks?

What this does not establish

“Most” is not a count. The passage itself shows the dead given a voice in Isaiah 14.

Claim 9 · checked 23 September 2026 · AI-assisted audit

Claim: Ecclesiastes is blunt about it.

Kind: This page’s reading. A judgement the page makes from the evidence. Others read it differently.
Review: A judgement, not a fact. Reviewed for whether it is fairly put and follows from the checked claims. No source can confirm it.

The page’s description of the verse it then quotes.

Supports · WEB
Ecclesiastes 9, World English BibleEcclesiastes 9:5
Cited · Link answered, 19 October 2026 · The cited passage was read, 23 September 2026
The source reads: For the living know that they will die, but the dead don’t know anything, neither do they have any more a reward; for their memory is forgotten.

Claim 10 · checked 23 September 2026 · AI-assisted audit

Claim: "The living know that they will die, but the dead don’t know anything, neither do they have any more a reward; for their memory is forgotten."

Kind: Quotes the Bible. The words of a biblical text, in the translation named. That the text says it is a fact about the text, separate from whether an event happened.
Review: Source checked. The cited passage was read, and it says this.

Supports · WEB
Ecclesiastes 9, World English BibleEcclesiastes 9:5
Cited · Link answered, 19 October 2026 · The cited passage was read, 23 September 2026
The source reads: For the living know that they will die, but the dead don’t know anything, neither do they have any more a reward; for their memory is forgotten.

What this does not establish

The page quotes 9:5 without its opening “For”. What Ecclesiastes says is a fact about Ecclesiastes, a late wisdom book with its own sceptical voice.

Claim 11 · checked 23 September 2026 · AI-assisted audit

Claim: Their love and hatred and envy have perished.

Kind: Describes a Bible passage. What a biblical passage says, in this page’s words. A fact about the text, separate from whether an event happened.
Review: Source checked. The cited passage was read, and it says this.

Supports · WEB
Ecclesiastes 9, World English BibleEcclesiastes 9:6
Cited · Link answered, 19 October 2026 · The cited passage was read, 23 September 2026
The source reads: Also their love, their hatred, and their envy has perished long ago; neither do they any longer have a portion forever in anything that is done under the sun.

Claim 12 · checked 23 September 2026 · AI-assisted audit

Claim: There is "no work, nor plan, nor knowledge, nor wisdom, in Sheol, where you are going".

Kind: Quotes the Bible. The words of a biblical text, in the translation named. That the text says it is a fact about the text, separate from whether an event happened.
Review: Source checked. The cited passage was read, and it says this.

Supports · WEB
Ecclesiastes 9, World English BibleEcclesiastes 9:10
Cited · Link answered, 19 October 2026 · The cited passage was read, 23 September 2026
The source reads: Whatever your hand finds to do, do it with your might; for there is no work, nor plan, nor knowledge, nor wisdom, in Sheol, where you are going.

Claim 13 · checked 23 September 2026 · AI-assisted audit

Claim: Sheol is not hell and it is not heaven.

Kind: About a word. What a word in the original language means, or how it is translated.
Review: Source checked. The cited passage was read, and it says this.

The translation glosses Sheol as the place of the dead, not a place of reward or punishment.

Supports · WEB
Ecclesiastes 9, World English BibleFootnote to 9:10
Cited · Link answered, 19 October 2026 · The cited passage was read, 23 September 2026
The source reads: Sheol is the place of the dead.
Supports · WEB
Ecclesiastes 9, World English BibleEcclesiastes 9:10
Cited · Link answered, 19 October 2026 · The cited passage was read, 23 September 2026
The source reads: Whatever your hand finds to do, do it with your might; for there is no work, nor plan, nor knowledge, nor wisdom, in Sheol, where you are going.

What this does not establish

Later Jewish and Christian writing divided the place of the dead into compartments; this is the Hebrew Bible’s usage.

Claim 14 · checked 23 September 2026 · AI-assisted audit

Claim: It is where everyone goes, and the texts say little about what happens there.

Kind: Describes a Bible passage. What a biblical passage says, in this page’s words. A fact about the text, separate from whether an event happened.
Review: Source checked. The cited passage was read, and it says this.

Supports · WEB
Ecclesiastes 9, World English BibleEcclesiastes 9:2-3
Cited · Link answered, 19 October 2026 · The cited passage was read, 23 September 2026
The source reads: All things come alike to all. There is one event to the righteous and to the wicked ... and after that they go to the dead.
Supports · WEB
Ecclesiastes 9, World English BibleEcclesiastes 9:10
Cited · Link answered, 19 October 2026 · The cited passage was read, 23 September 2026
The source reads: Whatever your hand finds to do, do it with your might; for there is no work, nor plan, nor knowledge, nor wisdom, in Sheol, where you are going.

What this does not establish

“Say little” is a characterisation, not a count.

Corrected

23 September 2026. Previously: “It is where everyone goes, and the older texts have no interest in what happens there because, on their account, nothing does.” Two problems. Ecclesiastes, the only text cited, is not one of the older books, so “the older texts” was not what the passage showed. And “nothing does” is too strong: Isaiah 14 has the dead in Sheol rise and speak. The passage now cites a psalm for the prevailing view and shows the exception.

Claim 15 · checked 23 September 2026 · AI-assisted audit

Claim: A psalm makes it a reason to be spared: "For in death there is no memory of you. In Sheol, who shall give you thanks?"

Kind: Quotes the Bible. The words of a biblical text, in the translation named. That the text says it is a fact about the text, separate from whether an event happened.
Review: Source checked. The cited passage was read, and it says this.

The psalmist asks to be delivered because the dead cannot praise God.

Supports · WEB
Psalm 6, World English BiblePsalm 6:4-5
Cited · Link answered, 19 October 2026 · The cited passage was read, 23 September 2026
The source reads: Return, Yahweh. Deliver my soul, and save me for your loving kindness’ sake. For in death there is no memory of you. In Sheol, who shall give you thanks?

Claim 16 · checked 23 September 2026 · AI-assisted audit

Claim: Where the dead do speak, as the departed spirits who rise to meet the fallen king of Babylon in Isaiah, it is to ask "Have you also become as weak as we are?"

Kind: Quotes the Bible. The words of a biblical text, in the translation named. That the text says it is a fact about the text, separate from whether an event happened.
Review: Source checked. The cited passage was read, and it says this.

Supports · WEB
Isaiah 14, World English BibleIsaiah 14:4, 9-10
Cited · Link answered, 19 October 2026 · The cited passage was read, 23 September 2026
The source reads: that you will take up this parable against the king of Babylon ... Sheol from beneath has moved for you to meet you at your coming. It stirs up the departed spirits for you, even all the rulers of the earth. ... They all will answer and ask you, “Have you also become as weak as we are? Have you become like us?”

What this does not establish

The passage is a taunt song over the king of Babylon, poetry rather than a description of the afterlife offered for its own sake.

Claim 17 · checked 23 September 2026 · AI-assisted audit

Resurrection appears late, under persecution

Claim: Resurrection appears late, under persecution

Kind: Historical claim. A statement about the past that historical evidence can test.
Review: Source checked. The cited passage was read, and it says this.

Daniel’s closing visions are placed by modern scholarship in the crisis under Antiochus IV.

Supports
The function of Daniel 1 in a second century BCE historical contextpp. 228 to 229
Cited · Link answered, 19 October 2026 · Read in full, 23 September 2026
The source reads: issues such as the authenticity of the predictions, literary critical considerations, and problems related to historical references in the book led to modern scholars to adopt the view that the book is a product of the second century BCE.
Supports
The function of Daniel 1 in a second century BCE historical contextp. 228
Cited · Link answered, 19 October 2026 · Read in full, 23 September 2026
The source reads: The crisis in Jerusalem that followed on Antiochus IV’s persecution of the Jews and more specifically the desecration of the altar and temple (Dan. 8:11-13; 9:27; 11:31) led to the composition of three visions that closes the book
Supports
The origin of the resurrection idea: A dialogue with George Nickelsburgpp. 1077 to 1078
Cited · Link answered, 19 October 2026 · Read in full, 23 September 2026
The source reads: Daniel, Jubilees 23 and the Testament of Moses were written in the heat of the persecution.

What this does not establish

A critical dating, not a unanimous one.

Corrected

23 September 2026. Previously: “Resurrection appears late, and appears suddenly” Not sudden: Isaiah 26:19 already promises “Your dead shall live”, and Nickelsburg reads Daniel as going beyond it. What the scholarship cited does carry is the setting, the persecution under Antiochus IV. Heading renamed.

Claim 18 · checked 23 September 2026 · AI-assisted audit

Claim: Daniel, which modern scholarship dates to the persecution under Antiochus IV in the 160s BCE, says plainly what almost nothing before it says:

Kind: Historical claim. A statement about the past that historical evidence can test.
Review: Source checked. The cited passage was read, and it says this.

Temple desecrated in 167 BCE, rededicated in 164; the book is taken to be finished before the rededication.

Supports
The function of Daniel 1 in a second century BCE historical contextpp. 228 to 229
Cited · Link answered, 19 October 2026 · Read in full, 23 September 2026
The source reads: issues such as the authenticity of the predictions, literary critical considerations, and problems related to historical references in the book led to modern scholars to adopt the view that the book is a product of the second century BCE.
Supports
The function of Daniel 1 in a second century BCE historical contextp. 228
Cited · Link answered, 19 October 2026 · Read in full, 23 September 2026
The source reads: Since most modern scholars do not find any reference to the rededication of the temple (in 164 BCE) in the book of Daniel, it is presumed that the book reached its final (and apparently unchangeable) form before this decisive event.
Supports
The function of Daniel 1 in a second century BCE historical contextp. 228
Cited · Link answered, 19 October 2026 · Read in full, 23 September 2026
The source reads: The crisis in Jerusalem that followed on Antiochus IV’s persecution of the Jews and more specifically the desecration of the altar and temple (Dan. 8:11-13; 9:27; 11:31) led to the composition of three visions that closes the book
Supports
The function of Daniel 1 in a second century BCE historical contextpp. 229 to 230
Cited · Link answered, 19 October 2026 · Read in full, 23 September 2026
The source reads: killing thousands and committing sacrilege in the temple in 167 BCE.
Qualifies
The function of Daniel 1 in a second century BCE historical contextp. 228
Cited · Link answered, 19 October 2026 · Read in full, 23 September 2026
The source reads: In some evangelical circles it is still upheld that the book should be dated in the sixth century BCE.
Supports
The origin of the resurrection idea: A dialogue with George Nickelsburgp. 1077
Cited · Link answered, 19 October 2026 · Read in full, 23 September 2026
The source reads: Daniel has gone beyond Isaiah in the sense that there will also be punishment for the wicked that are already dead. In Daniel both will be resurrected.

What this does not establish

The second-century date is the critical view; “in some evangelical circles” the book is still dated to the sixth century BCE. “Almost nothing” allows for Isaiah 26, whose own date is debated.

Corrected

23 September 2026. Previously: “Daniel, one of the latest books in the Hebrew Bible, says something the earlier ones do not:” The date had no source, and “the earlier ones do not” overlooked Isaiah 26:19. The dating now rests on van Deventer and names whose view it is; the claim is narrowed, and the Isaiah parallel is on the page.

Claim 19 · checked 23 September 2026 · AI-assisted audit

Claim: "Many of those who sleep in the dust of the earth will awake, some to everlasting life, and some to shame and everlasting contempt."

Kind: Quotes the Bible. The words of a biblical text, in the translation named. That the text says it is a fact about the text, separate from whether an event happened.
Review: Source checked. The cited passage was read, and it says this.

Supports · WEB
Daniel 12, World English BibleDaniel 12:2
Cited · Link answered, 19 October 2026 · The cited passage was read, 23 September 2026
The source reads: Many of those who sleep in the dust of the earth will awake, some to everlasting life, and some to shame and everlasting contempt.

Claim 20 · checked 23 September 2026 · AI-assisted audit

Claim: The nearest parallel, in Isaiah, promises "Your dead shall live".

Kind: Quotes the Bible. The words of a biblical text, in the translation named. That the text says it is a fact about the text, separate from whether an event happened.
Review: Source checked. The cited passage was read, and it says this.

Supports · WEB
Isaiah 26, World English BibleIsaiah 26:19
Cited · Link answered, 19 October 2026 · The cited passage was read, 23 September 2026
The source reads: Your dead shall live. Their dead bodies shall arise. Awake and sing, you who dwell in the dust; for your dew is like the dew of herbs, and the earth will cast out the departed spirits.
Supports
The origin of the resurrection idea: A dialogue with George Nickelsburgp. 1077
Cited · Link answered, 19 October 2026 · Read in full, 23 September 2026
The source reads: Daniel has gone beyond Isaiah in the sense that there will also be punishment for the wicked that are already dead. In Daniel both will be resurrected.

What this does not establish

Whether Isaiah 26:19 means individual resurrection or national restoration, and when it was written, are both argued.

Claim 21 · checked 23 September 2026 · AI-assisted audit

Claim: Daniel goes further and raises the wicked as well.

Kind: What scholars argue. A report of what specialists argue, or where they disagree.
Review: Source checked. The cited passage was read, and it says this.

Nickelsburg’s reading, as Schutte reports it: in Isaiah only the righteous rise; in Daniel both do.

Supports
The origin of the resurrection idea: A dialogue with George Nickelsburgp. 1077
Cited · Link answered, 19 October 2026 · Read in full, 23 September 2026
The source reads: Daniel has gone beyond Isaiah in the sense that there will also be punishment for the wicked that are already dead. In Daniel both will be resurrected.
Supports · WEB
Daniel 12, World English BibleDaniel 12:2
Cited · Link answered, 19 October 2026 · The cited passage was read, 23 September 2026
The source reads: Many of those who sleep in the dust of the earth will awake, some to everlasting life, and some to shame and everlasting contempt.

Claim 22 · checked 23 September 2026 · AI-assisted audit

Claim: By the first century this was a live dispute inside Judaism rather than a settled doctrine.

Kind: Historical claim. A statement about the past that historical evidence can test.
Review: Source checked. The cited passage was read, and it says this.

Supports · WEB
Acts 23, World English BibleActs 23:8
Cited · Link answered, 19 October 2026 · The cited passage was read, 23 September 2026
The source reads: For the Sadducees say that there is no resurrection, nor angel, nor spirit; but the Pharisees confess all of these.

What this does not establish

The evidence here is Acts’ report of the dispute. Mark 12:18 says the same of the Sadducees; Josephus also describes the parties, and was not read for this review.

Claim 23 · checked 23 September 2026 · AI-assisted audit

Claim: Acts reports it as a fault line a defendant could set a courtroom arguing along: "the Sadducees say that there is no resurrection, nor angel, nor spirit; but the Pharisees confess all of these".

Kind: Quotes the Bible. The words of a biblical text, in the translation named. That the text says it is a fact about the text, separate from whether an event happened.
Review: Source checked. The cited passage was read, and it says this.

Paul, before the council, says he is being judged concerning the resurrection, and the council divides.

Supports · WEB
Acts 23, World English BibleActs 23:6-7
Cited · Link answered, 19 October 2026 · The cited passage was read, 23 September 2026
The source reads: But when Paul perceived that the one part were Sadducees and the other Pharisees, he cried out in the council, “Men and brothers, I am a Pharisee, a son of Pharisees. Concerning the hope and resurrection of the dead I am being judged!” When he had said this, an argument arose between the Pharisees and Sadducees, and the crowd was divided.
Supports · WEB
Acts 23, World English BibleActs 23:8
Cited · Link answered, 19 October 2026 · The cited passage was read, 23 September 2026
The source reads: For the Sadducees say that there is no resurrection, nor angel, nor spirit; but the Pharisees confess all of these.

What this does not establish

Acts’ account of the hearing; that it happened as told is a separate, historical question.

Claim 24 · checked 23 September 2026 · AI-assisted audit

Claim: Christianity emerges from the side that affirmed it, and stakes everything on a particular instance of it.

Kind: This page’s reading. A judgement the page makes from the evidence. Others read it differently.
Review: A judgement, not a fact. Reviewed for whether it is fairly put and follows from the checked claims. No source can confirm it.

Paul in Acts calls himself a Pharisee; in 1 Corinthians he says the preaching is vain if Christ was not raised, and calls Christ the first fruit of the dead.

Supports · WEB
Acts 23, World English BibleActs 23:6-7
Cited · Link answered, 19 October 2026 · The cited passage was read, 23 September 2026
The source reads: But when Paul perceived that the one part were Sadducees and the other Pharisees, he cried out in the council, “Men and brothers, I am a Pharisee, a son of Pharisees. Concerning the hope and resurrection of the dead I am being judged!” When he had said this, an argument arose between the Pharisees and Sadducees, and the crowd was divided.
Supports · WEB
1 Corinthians 15, World English Bible1 Corinthians 15:14, 20
Cited · Link answered, 19 October 2026 · The cited passage was read, 23 September 2026
The source reads: If Christ has not been raised, then our preaching is in vain and your faith also is in vain. ... But now Christ has been raised from the dead. He became the first fruit of those who are asleep.

Claim 25 · checked 23 September 2026 · AI-assisted audit

What Paul describes is a body, and an odd one

Claim: What Paul describes is a body, and an odd one

Kind: This page’s reading. A judgement the page makes from the evidence. Others read it differently.
Review: A judgement, not a fact. Reviewed for whether it is fairly put and follows from the checked claims. No source can confirm it.

Supports · WEB
1 Corinthians 15, World English Bible1 Corinthians 15:42-44
Cited · Link answered, 19 October 2026 · The cited passage was read, 23 September 2026
The source reads: So also is the resurrection of the dead. The body is sown perishable; it is raised imperishable. It is sown in dishonor; it is raised in glory. It is sown in weakness; it is raised in power. It is sown a natural body; it is raised a spiritual body. There is a natural body and there is also a spiritual body.

Claim 26 · checked 23 September 2026 · AI-assisted audit

Claim: Paul puts the question in an objector’s mouth, "How are the dead raised?" and "With what kind of body do they come?", and does not answer that the soul survives.

Kind: Quotes the Bible. The words of a biblical text, in the translation named. That the text says it is a fact about the text, separate from whether an event happened.
Review: Source checked. The cited passage was read, and it says this.

Supports · WEB
1 Corinthians 15, World English Bible1 Corinthians 15:35
Cited · Link answered, 19 October 2026 · The cited passage was read, 23 September 2026
The source reads: But someone will say, “How are the dead raised?” and, “With what kind of body do they come?”

What this does not establish

About this chapter. Elsewhere Paul speaks of desiring “to depart and be with Christ” (Philippians 1:23), which many readers take as an intermediate state; the page does not claim Paul never says anything about the soul.

Corrected

23 September 2026. Previously: “Asked directly, "How are the dead raised? With what kind of body do they come?", Paul does not answer that the soul survives.” Paul is not asked directly: he imagines an objector (“someone will say”). And the WEB prints the two questions as separate quotations joined by “and”, not as one.

Claim 27 · checked 23 September 2026 · AI-assisted audit

Claim: He answers with a transformation of the body: "The body is sown perishable; it is raised imperishable", and "It is sown a natural body; it is raised a spiritual body".

Kind: Quotes the Bible. The words of a biblical text, in the translation named. That the text says it is a fact about the text, separate from whether an event happened.
Review: Source checked. The cited passage was read, and it says this.

Supports · WEB
1 Corinthians 15, World English Bible1 Corinthians 15:42-44
Cited · Link answered, 19 October 2026 · The cited passage was read, 23 September 2026
The source reads: So also is the resurrection of the dead. The body is sown perishable; it is raised imperishable. It is sown in dishonor; it is raised in glory. It is sown in weakness; it is raised in power. It is sown a natural body; it is raised a spiritual body. There is a natural body and there is also a spiritual body.

Corrected

23 September 2026. Previously: “He answers with a transformation of the body: "sown perishable, raised imperishable", "sown a natural body, raised a spiritual body".” The words in quotation marks were a compression, not the WEB’s text. Replaced with the verses as the translation prints them.

Claim 28 · checked 23 September 2026 · AI-assisted audit

Claim: What is raised is not flesh and blood brought back, since "flesh and blood can’t inherit God’s Kingdom", and not a spirit without a body, since it is still "a spiritual body".

Kind: Describes a Bible passage. What a biblical passage says, in this page’s words. A fact about the text, separate from whether an event happened.
Review: Source checked. The cited passage was read, and it says this.

What Paul says in 1 Corinthians 15, in his own words: verse 50 excludes flesh and blood, verse 44 still calls what is raised a body.

Supports · WEB
1 Corinthians 15, World English Bible1 Corinthians 15:50
Cited · Link answered, 19 October 2026 · The cited passage was read, 23 September 2026
The source reads: Now I say this, brothers, that flesh and blood can’t inherit God’s Kingdom; neither does the perishable inherit imperishable.
Supports · WEB
1 Corinthians 15, World English Bible1 Corinthians 15:42-44
Cited · Link answered, 19 October 2026 · The cited passage was read, 23 September 2026
The source reads: So also is the resurrection of the dead. The body is sown perishable; it is raised imperishable. It is sown in dishonor; it is raised in glory. It is sown in weakness; it is raised in power. It is sown a natural body; it is raised a spiritual body. There is a natural body and there is also a spiritual body.

What this does not establish

This is what 1 Corinthians 15 says. It does not settle how the raised body relates to the buried one, which other New Testament texts and later church teaching address in their own ways (Westminster 32.2: “the selfsame bodies ... with different qualities”).

Corrected

23 September 2026. Previously: “That is neither the resuscitation of a corpse nor a disembodied spirit, and the New Testament nowhere resolves which parts of the metaphor are load-bearing.” Marked for a theologian: whether the New Testament as a whole leaves the continuity of the raised body unresolved is an exegetical judgement no source read settles (the Gospels’ empty tomb is often read as settling it). Narrowed under the owner’s rule to what 1 Corinthians 15:44 and 15:50 say, in the WEB’s words.

Claim 29 · checked 23 September 2026 · AI-assisted audit

Claim: What the passage rules out is a version often assumed, in which the body is the disposable part.

Kind: This page’s reading. A judgement the page makes from the evidence. Others read it differently.
Review: A judgement, not a fact. Reviewed for whether it is fairly put and follows from the checked claims. No source can confirm it.

Supports · WEB
1 Corinthians 15, World English Bible1 Corinthians 15:42-44
Cited · Link answered, 19 October 2026 · The cited passage was read, 23 September 2026
The source reads: So also is the resurrection of the dead. The body is sown perishable; it is raised imperishable. It is sown in dishonor; it is raised in glory. It is sown in weakness; it is raised in power. It is sown a natural body; it is raised a spiritual body. There is a natural body and there is also a spiritual body.

Corrected

23 September 2026. Previously: “What it rules out is the version most commonly assumed, in which the body is the disposable part.” “Most commonly” is a claim about what most people assume, with nothing behind it.

23 September 2026. Previously: “What it rules out is a version often assumed, in which the body is the disposable part.” The sentence before it was narrowed from the New Testament to Paul’s words in 1 Corinthians 15 (see claim 29), which left “it” without a clear antecedent. The reading is still of that passage alone.

Claim 30 · checked 23 September 2026 · AI-assisted audit

Where the popular picture came from

Claim: Where the popular picture came from

Kind: Framing. Signposting. It asserts nothing a source could check.

Where the popular picture came from

Claim: Where the popular picture came from

Kind: Framing. Signposting. It asserts nothing a source could check.

Claim: The familiar image of an immortal soul leaving the body at death and going somewhere is not the dominant biblical picture.

Kind: This page’s reading. A judgement the page makes from the evidence. Others read it differently.
Review: A judgement, not a fact. Reviewed for whether it is fairly put and follows from the checked claims. No source can confirm it.

The texts on the page speak of Sheol and of resurrection more than of a departing soul; the next sentences give the exceptions.

Supports · WEB
Ecclesiastes 9, World English BibleEcclesiastes 9:5
Cited · Link answered, 19 October 2026 · The cited passage was read, 23 September 2026
The source reads: For the living know that they will die, but the dead don’t know anything, neither do they have any more a reward; for their memory is forgotten.
Supports · WEB
Daniel 12, World English BibleDaniel 12:2
Cited · Link answered, 19 October 2026 · The cited passage was read, 23 September 2026
The source reads: Many of those who sleep in the dust of the earth will awake, some to everlasting life, and some to shame and everlasting contempt.
Supports · WEB
1 Corinthians 15, World English Bible1 Corinthians 15:42-44
Cited · Link answered, 19 October 2026 · The cited passage was read, 23 September 2026
The source reads: So also is the resurrection of the dead. The body is sown perishable; it is raised imperishable. It is sown in dishonor; it is raised in glory. It is sown in weakness; it is raised in power. It is sown a natural body; it is raised a spiritual body. There is a natural body and there is also a spiritual body.
Supports · WEB
Matthew 10, World English BibleMatthew 10:28
Cited · Link answered, 19 October 2026 · The cited passage was read, 23 September 2026
The source reads: Don’t be afraid of those who kill the body, but are not able to kill the soul. Rather, fear him who is able to destroy both soul and body in Gehenna.

What this does not establish

“Dominant” is a judgement across the whole canon, and which canon matters: see Wisdom 3.

Claim 33 · checked 23 September 2026 · AI-assisted audit

Claim: It is not absent either.

Kind: This page’s reading. A judgement the page makes from the evidence. Others read it differently.
Review: A judgement, not a fact. Reviewed for whether it is fairly put and follows from the checked claims. No source can confirm it.

Supports · WEB
Matthew 10, World English BibleMatthew 10:28
Cited · Link answered, 19 October 2026 · The cited passage was read, 23 September 2026
The source reads: Don’t be afraid of those who kill the body, but are not able to kill the soul. Rather, fear him who is able to destroy both soul and body in Gehenna.
Supports · WEB
Wisdom of Solomon 3, World English BibleWisdom of Solomon 3:1-4
Cited · Link answered, 19 October 2026 · The cited passage was read, 23 September 2026
The source reads: But the souls of the righteous are in the hand of God, and no torment will touch them. ... For even if in the sight of men they are punished, their hope is full of immortality.

Corrected

23 September 2026. Previously: “” The passage said the image was not the dominant biblical picture and gave no sign that it is in the Bible at all. Matthew 10:28 and Wisdom 3:1 are the plainest cases, and which canon includes Wisdom decides whether it counts. The Phaedo is added because it is the text the Greek side of the argument rests on, and the only cited source said nothing about it.

Claim 34 · checked 23 September 2026 · AI-assisted audit

Claim: In Matthew, Jesus warns against fearing "those who kill the body, but are not able to kill the soul",

Kind: Quotes the Bible. The words of a biblical text, in the translation named. That the text says it is a fact about the text, separate from whether an event happened.
Review: Source checked. The cited passage was read, and it says this.

Supports · WEB
Matthew 10, World English BibleMatthew 10:28
Cited · Link answered, 19 October 2026 · The cited passage was read, 23 September 2026
The source reads: Don’t be afraid of those who kill the body, but are not able to kill the soul. Rather, fear him who is able to destroy both soul and body in Gehenna.

What this does not establish

The verse goes on: “fear him who is able to destroy both soul and body in Gehenna”, which conditional-immortality readers cite for the opposite view.

Claim 35 · checked 23 September 2026 · AI-assisted audit

Claim: and the Wisdom of Solomon, which the Catholic canon includes and the Westminster Confession’s leaves out, says "the souls of the righteous are in the hand of God".

Kind: Quotes the Bible. The words of a biblical text, in the translation named. That the text says it is a fact about the text, separate from whether an event happened.
Review: Source checked. The cited passage was read, and it says this.

Orthodox Bibles also include Wisdom; that was not checked against an Orthodox document here, so the page names only the two canons read.

Supports · WEB
Wisdom of Solomon 3, World English BibleWisdom of Solomon 3:1-4
Cited · Link answered, 19 October 2026 · The cited passage was read, 23 September 2026
The source reads: But the souls of the righteous are in the hand of God, and no torment will touch them. ... For even if in the sight of men they are punished, their hope is full of immortality.
Supports
Catechism of the Catholic Church, paragraphs 120 to 130: the canon of ScriptureParagraph 120
Cited · Link answered, 19 October 2026 · The cited passage was read, 23 September 2026
The source reads: Ecclesiastes, the Song of Songs, the Wisdom of Solomon, Sirach (Ecclesiasticus), Isaiah
Supports
The Westminster Confession of Faith, chapters 1, 32 and 33: of scripture, of the state of men after death, of the last judgmentChapter 1.2 to 1.3
Cited · Link answered, 19 October 2026 · The cited passage was read, 23 September 2026
The source reads: The books commonly called Apocrypha, not being of divine inspiration, are no part of the canon of the Scripture
The list in 1.2 of the books of the Old Testament does not include the Wisdom of Solomon.

What this does not establish

Nickelsburg, as Schutte reports him, reads Wisdom as teaching the immortality of the soul; the book is itself a Hellenistic Jewish work.

Claim 36 · checked 23 September 2026 · AI-assisted audit

Claim: Plato’s Phaedo, in the fourth century BCE, had already concluded that "the soul is immortal and imperishable, and our souls will truly exist in another world".

Kind: Quotes a source. The words of a named text, checked against the source.
Review: Source checked. The cited passage was read, and it says this.

The words are Socrates’ in Plato’s dialogue, set on the day of his death after the trial of 399; Plato died in 347, so the dialogue is of the fourth century.

Supports · Jowett
Phaedo, translated by Benjamin JowettJowett tr., the close of the final argument, before Cebes declares himself convinced
Cited · Link answered, 19 October 2026 · Read in full, 23 September 2026
The source reads: Then, Cebes, beyond question, the soul is immortal and imperishable, and our souls will truly exist in another world!
Supports · Jowett
Phaedo, translated by Benjamin JowettJowett tr., Socrates to Simmias, on what death is
Cited · Link answered, 19 October 2026 · Read in full, 23 September 2026
The source reads: Is it not the separation of soul and body? And to be dead is the completion of this; when the soul exists in herself, and is released from the body and the body is released from the soul, what is this but death?
Supports
PlatoOpening sentence
Cited · Link answered, 19 October 2026 · The cited passage was read, 23 September 2026
The source reads: Plato (429?–347 B.C.E.) is, by any reckoning, one of the most dazzling writers in the Western literary tradition
Supports
PlatoSection 2
Cited · Link answered, 19 October 2026 · The cited passage was read, 23 September 2026
The source reads: which purports to be the speech that Socrates gave in his defense ... when, in 399, he was legally charged and convicted of the crime of impiety.

What this does not establish

Jowett’s translation. The dialogue’s exact date of composition is not known.

Claim 37 · checked 23 September 2026 · AI-assisted audit

Claim: Greek beliefs about what survives death are a separate tradition with its own history, and the volume cited here is about how that tradition and Christian resurrection belief met.

Kind: What scholars argue. A report of what specialists argue, or where they disagree.
Review: Partly checked. Only part of the source could be read. What was not read is listed.

Supports
The Possibility of Immortal Flesh, in Greek Resurrection Beliefs and the Success of ChristianityBook abstract (OpenAlex)
Cited · Link answered, 19 October 2026 · Abstract only, 23 September 2026
The source reads: This book examines the relationship between the growth of Christianity in Greece and the belief in resurrection from the dead.
Supports
The Possibility of Immortal Flesh, in Greek Resurrection Beliefs and the Success of ChristianityChapter abstract (OpenAlex)
Cited · Link answered, 19 October 2026 · Abstract only, 23 September 2026
The source reads: we are still left in the dark as to how the Greeks could accept the Christian idea of the resurrection.
Qualifies
The Possibility of Immortal Flesh, in Greek Resurrection Beliefs and the Success of ChristianityChapter abstract (OpenAlex)
Cited · Link answered, 19 October 2026 · Abstract only, 23 September 2026
The source reads: This is where we have to examine somewhat more closely whether traditional Greek religion had no other possible fate in store after this life than that as a dead and disembodied soul.

What this does not establish

Only the abstracts were read. The chapter itself argues that Greek religion also knew physical immortality, so it is cited for the meeting of the traditions, not for the immortal soul.

Claim 38 · checked 23 September 2026 · AI-assisted audit

Claim: How much of later Christian teaching about the afterlife is inheritance from that encounter, and how much is development of something already in the texts, is a real scholarly argument rather than a settled account.

Kind: What scholars argue. A report of what specialists argue, or where they disagree.
Review: Partly checked. Only part of the source could be read. What was not read is listed.

Endsjø looks for the Greek side of the encounter; Nickelsburg traces resurrection and immortality inside Jewish texts.

Supports
The Possibility of Immortal Flesh, in Greek Resurrection Beliefs and the Success of ChristianityChapter abstract (OpenAlex)
Cited · Link answered, 19 October 2026 · Abstract only, 23 September 2026
The source reads: we are still left in the dark as to how the Greeks could accept the Christian idea of the resurrection.
Supports
The origin of the resurrection idea: A dialogue with George Nickelsburgp. 1078
Cited · Link answered, 19 October 2026 · Read in full, 23 September 2026
The source reads: the Wisdom of Solomon is that the latter teached according to Nickelsburg (2006:113) the immortality of the soul rather than resurrection of the body.
Supports
The origin of the resurrection idea: A dialogue with George NickelsburgAbstract
Cited · Link answered, 19 October 2026 · Read in full, 23 September 2026
The source reads: In his book he gave attention to the origins of these beliefs and the dynamics involved in their theological development.

What this does not establish

Two works show that the question is argued; neither surveys the whole field. Endsjø was read only in abstract; Schutte was read in full.

Claim 39 · checked 23 September 2026 · AI-assisted audit

Claim: What the texts do show is that the two strands are distinguishable, and the churches have joined them in different ways.

Kind: This page’s reading. A judgement the page makes from the evidence. Others read it differently.
Review: A judgement, not a fact. Reviewed for whether it is fairly put and follows from the checked claims. No source can confirm it.

The Catholic Catechism and Westminster hold an immortal soul and a raised body together; the Adventist statement holds the resurrection and denies a conscious soul in between.

Supports · Jowett
Phaedo, translated by Benjamin JowettJowett tr., the close of the final argument, before Cebes declares himself convinced
Cited · Link answered, 19 October 2026 · Read in full, 23 September 2026
The source reads: Then, Cebes, beyond question, the soul is immortal and imperishable, and our souls will truly exist in another world!
Supports · WEB
1 Corinthians 15, World English Bible1 Corinthians 15:42-44
Cited · Link answered, 19 October 2026 · The cited passage was read, 23 September 2026
The source reads: So also is the resurrection of the dead. The body is sown perishable; it is raised imperishable. It is sown in dishonor; it is raised in glory. It is sown in weakness; it is raised in power. It is sown a natural body; it is raised a spiritual body. There is a natural body and there is also a spiritual body.
Supports
Catechism of the Catholic Church, paragraphs 355 to 384: manParagraph 366
Cited · Link answered, 19 October 2026 · The cited passage was read, 23 September 2026
The source reads: The Church teaches that every spiritual soul is created immediately by God ... and also that it is immortal: it does not perish when it separates from the body at death, and it will be reunited with the body at the final Resurrection.
Supports
The Westminster Confession of Faith, chapters 1, 32 and 33: of scripture, of the state of men after death, of the last judgmentChapter 32.1
Cited · Link answered, 19 October 2026 · The cited passage was read, 23 September 2026
The source reads: but their souls, which neither die nor sleep, having an immortal subsistence, immediately return to God who gave them: the souls of the righteous, being then made perfect in holiness, are received into the highest heavens ... And the souls of the wicked are cast into hell, where they remain in torments and utter darkness, reserved to the judgment of the great day. Besides these two places, for souls separated from their bodies, the Scripture acknowledgeth none.
Supports
Fundamental Belief 26: Death and ResurrectionFundamental Belief 26
Cited · Link answered, 19 October 2026 · The cited passage was read, 23 September 2026
The source reads: The wages of sin is death. But God, who alone is immortal, will grant eternal life to His redeemed. Until that day death is an unconscious state for all people.

Corrected

23 September 2026. Previously: “What is not seriously disputed is that the two strands are distinguishable and that most people have received them fused.” A claim about a scholarly consensus and about what most people believe, with no source for either. Replaced with what the documents on the page show.

Claim 40 · checked 23 September 2026 · AI-assisted audit

What the churches actually teach

Claim: What the churches actually teach

Kind: Framing. Signposting. It asserts nothing a source could check.

Claim: Christian traditions differ substantially here.

Kind: This page’s reading. A judgement the page makes from the evidence. Others read it differently.
Review: A judgement, not a fact. Reviewed for whether it is fairly put and follows from the checked claims. No source can confirm it.

The differences are shown by the documents that follow.

Supports
Fundamental Belief 26: Death and ResurrectionFundamental Belief 26
Cited · Link answered, 19 October 2026 · The cited passage was read, 23 September 2026
The source reads: The wages of sin is death. But God, who alone is immortal, will grant eternal life to His redeemed. Until that day death is an unconscious state for all people.
Supports
The Westminster Confession of Faith, chapters 1, 32 and 33: of scripture, of the state of men after death, of the last judgmentChapter 32.1
Cited · Link answered, 19 October 2026 · The cited passage was read, 23 September 2026
The source reads: but their souls, which neither die nor sleep, having an immortal subsistence, immediately return to God who gave them: the souls of the righteous, being then made perfect in holiness, are received into the highest heavens ... And the souls of the wicked are cast into hell, where they remain in torments and utter darkness, reserved to the judgment of the great day. Besides these two places, for souls separated from their bodies, the Scripture acknowledgeth none.
Supports
Catechism of the Catholic Church, paragraphs 1030 to 1032: the final purification, or purgatoryParagraphs 1030 to 1031
Cited · Link answered, 19 October 2026 · The cited passage was read, 23 September 2026
The source reads: All who die in God's grace and friendship, but still imperfectly purified, are indeed assured of their eternal salvation; but after death they undergo purification ... The Church gives the name Purgatory to this final purification of the elect

What this does not establish

Three bodies’ documents, not a survey of every tradition.

Corrected

24 September 2026. Previously: “Christian traditions differ substantially here, and often more than their members realise.” The comparison with what members realise rests on nothing measured, as the claim's own limits said; the documents that follow carry only the differences.

Claim 42 · checked 23 September 2026 · AI-assisted audit

Claim: They differ on whether the dead are conscious before the resurrection: Seventh-day Adventists teach that until then "death is an unconscious state for all people".

Kind: A church’s teaching. What the named tradition teaches, from its own documents. Evidence of what is taught, not proof that it is true, and not what every Christian holds.
Review: Source checked. The cited passage was read, and it says this.
Held by: Seventh-day Adventist

Against Westminster, whose souls “neither die nor sleep”.

Supports
Fundamental Belief 26: Death and ResurrectionFundamental Belief 26
Cited · Link answered, 19 October 2026 · The cited passage was read, 23 September 2026
The source reads: The wages of sin is death. But God, who alone is immortal, will grant eternal life to His redeemed. Until that day death is an unconscious state for all people.
Supports
The Westminster Confession of Faith, chapters 1, 32 and 33: of scripture, of the state of men after death, of the last judgmentChapter 32.1
Cited · Link answered, 19 October 2026 · The cited passage was read, 23 September 2026
The source reads: but their souls, which neither die nor sleep, having an immortal subsistence, immediately return to God who gave them: the souls of the righteous, being then made perfect in holiness, are received into the highest heavens ... And the souls of the wicked are cast into hell, where they remain in torments and utter darkness, reserved to the judgment of the great day. Besides these two places, for souls separated from their bodies, the Scripture acknowledgeth none.

What this does not establish

Adventists are one Protestant body; Jehovah’s Witnesses hold a similar view and are not named here. Some Lutheran and other writers have also spoken of the dead as sleeping; no church document of theirs was read.

Corrected

23 September 2026. Previously: “They differ on whether the dead are conscious before the resurrection, on whether hell is eternal conscious punishment or annihilation or something a soul chooses, on purgatory, and on whether any of it is knowable in detail.” The list named positions without saying who holds any of them, which let a reader attach them to the wrong churches. Each is now attributed to a document of the church that holds it. “Whether any of it is knowable in detail” was dropped: no document read states that position.

Claim 43 · checked 23 September 2026 · AI-assisted audit

Claim: They differ on hell: "eternal torments" in the Westminster Confession, "definitive self-exclusion from communion with God" in the Catholic Catechism, which also affirms its eternity, and for Adventists an end, when "fire from God will consume" the wicked.

Kind: A church’s teaching. What the named tradition teaches, from its own documents. Evidence of what is taught, not proof that it is true, and not what every Christian holds.
Review: Source checked. The cited passage was read, and it says this.
Held by: Reformed, Catholic, Seventh-day Adventist

The Adventist belief is annihilation after judgment; Westminster and the Catechism both hold hell to be eternal and describe it differently.

Supports
The Westminster Confession of Faith, chapters 1, 32 and 33: of scripture, of the state of men after death, of the last judgmentChapter 33.2
Cited · Link answered, 19 October 2026 · The cited passage was read, 23 September 2026
The source reads: but the wicked who know not God, and obey not the gospel of Jesus Christ, shall be cast into eternal torments, and be punished with everlasting destruction from the presence of the Lord
Supports
Catechism of the Catholic Church, paragraphs 1033 to 1037: hellParagraph 1033
Cited · Link answered, 19 October 2026 · The cited passage was read, 23 September 2026
The source reads: This state of definitive self-exclusion from communion with God and the blessed is called "hell
Supports
Catechism of the Catholic Church, paragraphs 1033 to 1037: hellParagraph 1035
Cited · Link answered, 19 October 2026 · The cited passage was read, 23 September 2026
The source reads: The teaching of the Church affirms the existence of hell and its eternity.
Supports
Fundamental Belief 27: The Millennium and the End of SinFundamental Belief 27
Cited · Link answered, 19 October 2026 · The cited passage was read, 23 September 2026
The source reads: The unrighteous dead will then be resurrected, and with Satan and his angels will surround the city; but fire from God will consume them and cleanse the earth.

What this does not establish

The Catechism also speaks of “eternal fire” (1035); self-exclusion is its account of how one comes to be there, not a denial of punishment.

Claim 44 · checked 23 September 2026 · AI-assisted audit

Claim: And they differ on purgatory, which the Catholic Church teaches as a purification after death for those who die "still imperfectly purified".

Kind: A church’s teaching. What the named tradition teaches, from its own documents. Evidence of what is taught, not proof that it is true, and not what every Christian holds.
Review: Source checked. The cited passage was read, and it says this.
Held by: Catholic

Supports
Catechism of the Catholic Church, paragraphs 1030 to 1032: the final purification, or purgatoryParagraphs 1030 to 1031
Cited · Link answered, 19 October 2026 · The cited passage was read, 23 September 2026
The source reads: All who die in God's grace and friendship, but still imperfectly purified, are indeed assured of their eternal salvation; but after death they undergo purification ... The Church gives the name Purgatory to this final purification of the elect

What this does not establish

Eastern Orthodox churches pray for the dead and reject the Latin definition of purgatory; no Orthodox document was read here, so the page does not describe their position.

Claim 45 · checked 23 September 2026 · AI-assisted audit

Claim: The Westminster Confession settles two of those questions in one paragraph.

Kind: Historical claim. A statement about the past that historical evidence can test.
Review: Source checked. The cited passage was read, and it says this.

Conscious souls after death, and no third place.

Supports
The Westminster Confession of Faith, chapters 1, 32 and 33: of scripture, of the state of men after death, of the last judgmentChapter 32.1
Cited · Link answered, 19 October 2026 · The cited passage was read, 23 September 2026
The source reads: but their souls, which neither die nor sleep, having an immortal subsistence, immediately return to God who gave them: the souls of the righteous, being then made perfect in holiness, are received into the highest heavens ... And the souls of the wicked are cast into hell, where they remain in torments and utter darkness, reserved to the judgment of the great day. Besides these two places, for souls separated from their bodies, the Scripture acknowledgeth none.

Corrected

23 September 2026. Previously: “One tradition settles two of those in a sentence.” Westminster 32.1 is three sentences, and it is one confession of the Reformed tradition rather than a tradition as a whole.

Claim 46 · checked 23 September 2026 · AI-assisted audit

Claim: It has souls that “neither die nor sleep” going straight to heaven or to hell, and then closes the door: “besides these two places, for souls separated from their bodies, the Scripture acknowledgeth none.”

Kind: Quotes a source. The words of a named text, checked against the source.
Review: Source checked. The cited passage was read, and it says this.
Held by: Reformed

Supports
The Westminster Confession of Faith, chapters 1, 32 and 33: of scripture, of the state of men after death, of the last judgmentChapter 32.1
Cited · Link answered, 19 October 2026 · The cited passage was read, 23 September 2026
The source reads: but their souls, which neither die nor sleep, having an immortal subsistence, immediately return to God who gave them: the souls of the righteous, being then made perfect in holiness, are received into the highest heavens ... And the souls of the wicked are cast into hell, where they remain in torments and utter darkness, reserved to the judgment of the great day. Besides these two places, for souls separated from their bodies, the Scripture acknowledgeth none.

What this does not establish

The page lowercases “Besides”.

Claim 47 · checked 23 September 2026 · AI-assisted audit

Claim: That is a denial of purgatory written as an inventory.

Kind: This page’s reading. A judgement the page makes from the evidence. Others read it differently.
Review: A judgement, not a fact. Reviewed for whether it is fairly put and follows from the checked claims. No source can confirm it.

The paragraph does not name purgatory; it excludes any third place for separated souls, which is the place purgatory would be.

Supports
The Westminster Confession of Faith, chapters 1, 32 and 33: of scripture, of the state of men after death, of the last judgmentChapter 32.1
Cited · Link answered, 19 October 2026 · The cited passage was read, 23 September 2026
The source reads: but their souls, which neither die nor sleep, having an immortal subsistence, immediately return to God who gave them: the souls of the righteous, being then made perfect in holiness, are received into the highest heavens ... And the souls of the wicked are cast into hell, where they remain in torments and utter darkness, reserved to the judgment of the great day. Besides these two places, for souls separated from their bodies, the Scripture acknowledgeth none.

Claim 48 · checked 23 September 2026 · AI-assisted audit

Claim: The Nicene creed commits to strikingly little.

Kind: This page’s reading. A judgement the page makes from the evidence. Others read it differently.
Review: A judgement, not a fact. Reviewed for whether it is fairly put and follows from the checked claims. No source can confirm it.

Supports
The Nicene CreedSecond article
Cited · Link answered, 19 October 2026 · Read in full, 23 September 2026
The source reads: and He shall come again, with glory, to judge the quick and the dead; whose kingdom shall have no end.
Supports
The Nicene CreedFinal article
Cited · Link answered, 19 October 2026 · Read in full, 23 September 2026
The source reads: and I look for the resurrection of the dead, and the life of the world to come. Amen.

Corrected

23 September 2026. Previously: “The creeds themselves commit to strikingly little.” Not every creed does: the Athanasian Creed, used in Western churches, says those who have done evil go “into everlasting fire”. The claim is true of the creed the page quotes, and now says so.

Claim 49 · checked 23 September 2026 · AI-assisted audit

Claim: It says Christ “shall come again, with glory, to judge the quick and the dead”, and it ends “I look for the resurrection of the dead, and the life of the world to come”.

Kind: Quotes a source. The words of a named text, checked against the source.
Review: Source checked. The cited passage was read, and it says this.
Held by: Churches confessing the Nicene Creed

Supports
The Nicene CreedSecond article
Cited · Link answered, 19 October 2026 · Read in full, 23 September 2026
The source reads: and He shall come again, with glory, to judge the quick and the dead; whose kingdom shall have no end.
Supports
The Nicene CreedFinal article
Cited · Link answered, 19 October 2026 · Read in full, 23 September 2026
The source reads: and I look for the resurrection of the dead, and the life of the world to come. Amen.

What this does not establish

The CCEL text is the Western form, with “and the Son” in brackets; the lines quoted are the same in the Eastern form.

Corrected

23 September 2026. Previously: “The Nicene creed ends “I look for the resurrection of the dead, and the life of the world to come”, and on this subject that is the whole of it.” The creed also says Christ will come to judge the living and the dead, which is on this subject. Without it, “that is the whole of it” was false.

Claim 50 · checked 23 September 2026 · AI-assisted audit

Claim: On this subject that is the whole of it.

Kind: Historical claim. A statement about the past that historical evidence can test.
Review: Source checked. The cited passage was read, and it says this.

Nothing else in the creed concerns the dead.

Supports
The Nicene CreedSecond article
Cited · Link answered, 19 October 2026 · Read in full, 23 September 2026
The source reads: and He shall come again, with glory, to judge the quick and the dead; whose kingdom shall have no end.
Supports
The Nicene CreedFinal article
Cited · Link answered, 19 October 2026 · Read in full, 23 September 2026
The source reads: and I look for the resurrection of the dead, and the life of the world to come. Amen.

Claim 51 · checked 23 September 2026 · AI-assisted audit

Claim: Almost everything in the popular picture is elaboration on top of that, from various centuries.

Kind: This page’s reading. A judgement the page makes from the evidence. Others read it differently.
Review: A judgement, not a fact. Reviewed for whether it is fairly put and follows from the checked claims. No source can confirm it.

Claim 52 · checked 23 September 2026 · AI-assisted audit

What nobody has information about

Claim: What nobody has information about

Kind: Framing. Signposting. It asserts nothing a source could check.

Claim: Sheol is not a destination. It is the absence of one.

Kind: This page’s reading. A judgement the page makes from the evidence. Others read it differently.
Review: A judgement, not a fact. Reviewed for whether it is fairly put and follows from the checked claims. No source can confirm it.

A line about the passage above: Sheol is where everyone goes, with no reward or punishment there.

Supports · WEB
Ecclesiastes 9, World English BibleEcclesiastes 9:10
Cited · Link answered, 19 October 2026 · The cited passage was read, 23 September 2026
The source reads: Whatever your hand finds to do, do it with your might; for there is no work, nor plan, nor knowledge, nor wisdom, in Sheol, where you are going.

What this does not establish

Ecclesiastes itself calls Sheol the place “where you are going”; the line means it is no one’s particular fate, not that there is no such place in the text.

Claim 54 · checked 23 September 2026 · AI-assisted audit

Everything after the last measurable moment

Claim: Everything after the last measurable moment

Kind: Framing. Signposting. It asserts nothing a source could check.

Claim: Nothing about this is accessible to investigation, and the things sometimes offered as evidence do not reach it.

Kind: This page’s reading. A judgement the page makes from the evidence. Others read it differently.
Review: A judgement, not a fact. Reviewed for whether it is fairly put and follows from the checked claims. No source can confirm it.

An epistemic claim about what could count as evidence of being dead.

Claim 56 · checked 23 September 2026 · AI-assisted audit

Claim: Accounts reported by people who were resuscitated are accounts from people who came back, which is the only kind of account there could be.

Kind: This page’s reading. A judgement the page makes from the evidence. Others read it differently.
Review: A judgement, not a fact. Reviewed for whether it is fairly put and follows from the checked claims. No source can confirm it.

Corrected

23 September 2026. Previously: “Accounts reported by people who were resuscitated are accounts from people whose brains did not stop, which is the only kind of account there could be.” Whether brain activity stops during cardiac arrest, and when, is an empirical question the page cited nothing for, and some resuscitation reports come from patients recorded with no measurable brain activity. The argument does not need it: whoever reports came back.

Claim 57 · checked 23 September 2026 · AI-assisted audit

Claim: They are real experiences and they are evidence about dying, not about being dead.

Kind: This page’s reading. A judgement the page makes from the evidence. Others read it differently.
Review: A judgement, not a fact. Reviewed for whether it is fairly put and follows from the checked claims. No source can confirm it.

Claim: So the honest statement is that no one has information that could be checked.

Kind: This page’s reading. A judgement the page makes from the evidence. Others read it differently.
Review: A judgement, not a fact. Reviewed for whether it is fairly put and follows from the checked claims. No source can confirm it.

Corrected

23 September 2026. Previously: “So the honest statement is that no one has any information.” Religious traditions hold that they have information, by revelation. What the page can say without deciding that is that no one has information that investigation could check.

23 September 2026. Previously: “So the honest statement is that no one has information that could be checked. That is true of the traditions as much as of anyone else: what they have is a claim, held on other grounds.” The second sentence took a position on whether revealed teaching counts as information about the dead, which the audit marked for a theologian and no source read settles. Removed under the owner’s rule; see retired claim 60. The paragraph now ends on what investigation can and cannot reach.

Claim 59 · checked 23 September 2026 · AI-assisted audit

What is actually claimed

Claim: What is actually claimed

Kind: Framing. Signposting. It asserts nothing a source could check.

What the creed claims, exactly

Claim: What the creed claims, exactly

Kind: Framing. Signposting. It asserts nothing a source could check.

Corrected

23 September 2026. Previously: “What Christianity claims, exactly” The passage described one Christian position as Christianity’s. Many churches also teach an immortal soul; what they all confess is the creed’s resurrection, and the heading now says whose claim it is. Heading renamed.

Claim: The creed’s claim is not that a part of you is naturally indestructible.

Kind: Statement of belief. What Christians named here hold by faith. Historical method cannot settle it either way.
Review: A judgement, not a fact. Reviewed for whether it is fairly put and follows from the checked claims. No source can confirm it.
Held by: Churches confessing the Nicene Creed

Supports
The Nicene CreedFinal article
Cited · Link answered, 19 October 2026 · Read in full, 23 September 2026
The source reads: and I look for the resurrection of the dead, and the life of the world to come. Amen.

Corrected

23 September 2026. Previously: “The claim is not that a part of you is naturally indestructible.” As “the claim” of Christianity this was wrong for the Catholic Church (Catechism 366: the soul “is immortal”) and for the Westminster Confession (souls “having an immortal subsistence”). It is true of the creed, which confesses the resurrection and says nothing of the soul.

Claim 63 · checked 23 September 2026 · AI-assisted audit

Claim: It is that the dead are raised, by God, as an act rather than a property, and that this has happened once already as the pattern for it.

Kind: Statement of belief. What Christians named here hold by faith. Historical method cannot settle it either way.
Review: A judgement, not a fact. Reviewed for whether it is fairly put and follows from the checked claims. No source can confirm it.
Held by: Churches confessing the Nicene Creed

Paul calls the raised Christ “the first fruit of those who are asleep”.

Supports
The Nicene CreedFinal article
Cited · Link answered, 19 October 2026 · Read in full, 23 September 2026
The source reads: and I look for the resurrection of the dead, and the life of the world to come. Amen.
Supports · WEB
1 Corinthians 15, World English Bible1 Corinthians 15:14, 20
Cited · Link answered, 19 October 2026 · The cited passage was read, 23 September 2026
The source reads: If Christ has not been raised, then our preaching is in vain and your faith also is in vain. ... But now Christ has been raised from the dead. He became the first fruit of those who are asleep.

Claim 64 · checked 23 September 2026 · AI-assisted audit

Claim: The difference matters.

Kind: Framing. Signposting. It asserts nothing a source could check.

Claim: An immortal soul survives death by its nature.

Kind: This page’s reading. A judgement the page makes from the evidence. Others read it differently.
Review: A judgement, not a fact. Reviewed for whether it is fairly put and follows from the checked claims. No source can confirm it.

Supports · Jowett
Phaedo, translated by Benjamin JowettJowett tr., the close of the final argument, before Cebes declares himself convinced
Cited · Link answered, 19 October 2026 · Read in full, 23 September 2026
The source reads: Then, Cebes, beyond question, the soul is immortal and imperishable, and our souls will truly exist in another world!

Corrected

23 September 2026. Previously: “An immortal soul survives death by its nature and needs nobody’s help.” “Needs nobody’s help” describes Plato’s soul but not the immortal soul of the churches that teach one: the Catechism has it “created immediately by God”. Removed rather than let it stand for them.

Claim 66 · checked 23 September 2026 · AI-assisted audit

Claim: A resurrection is something done to a person who genuinely died.

Kind: This page’s reading. A judgement the page makes from the evidence. Others read it differently.
Review: A judgement, not a fact. Reviewed for whether it is fairly put and follows from the checked claims. No source can confirm it.

Supports · WEB
1 Corinthians 15, World English Bible1 Corinthians 15:35
Cited · Link answered, 19 October 2026 · The cited passage was read, 23 September 2026
The source reads: But someone will say, “How are the dead raised?” and, “With what kind of body do they come?”

Claim 67 · checked 23 September 2026 · AI-assisted audit

Claim: The Catholic Church and the Westminster Confession teach both, a soul that does not perish and a body raised at the end; Adventists hold that God "alone is immortal" and teach only the second.

Kind: A church’s teaching. What the named tradition teaches, from its own documents. Evidence of what is taught, not proof that it is true, and not what every Christian holds.
Review: Source checked. The cited passage was read, and it says this.
Held by: Catholic, Reformed, Seventh-day Adventist

Supports
Catechism of the Catholic Church, paragraphs 355 to 384: manParagraph 366
Cited · Link answered, 19 October 2026 · The cited passage was read, 23 September 2026
The source reads: The Church teaches that every spiritual soul is created immediately by God ... and also that it is immortal: it does not perish when it separates from the body at death, and it will be reunited with the body at the final Resurrection.
Supports
The Westminster Confession of Faith, chapters 1, 32 and 33: of scripture, of the state of men after death, of the last judgmentChapter 32.1
Cited · Link answered, 19 October 2026 · The cited passage was read, 23 September 2026
The source reads: but their souls, which neither die nor sleep, having an immortal subsistence, immediately return to God who gave them: the souls of the righteous, being then made perfect in holiness, are received into the highest heavens ... And the souls of the wicked are cast into hell, where they remain in torments and utter darkness, reserved to the judgment of the great day. Besides these two places, for souls separated from their bodies, the Scripture acknowledgeth none.
Supports
The Westminster Confession of Faith, chapters 1, 32 and 33: of scripture, of the state of men after death, of the last judgmentChapter 32.2
Cited · Link answered, 19 October 2026 · The cited passage was read, 23 September 2026
The source reads: and all the dead shall be raised up, with the selfsame bodies, and none other (although with different qualities), which shall be united again to their souls forever.
Supports
Fundamental Belief 26: Death and ResurrectionFundamental Belief 26
Cited · Link answered, 19 October 2026 · The cited passage was read, 23 September 2026
The source reads: But God, who alone is immortal, will grant eternal life to His redeemed. Until that day death is an unconscious state for all people. When Christ, who is our life, appears, the resurrected righteous and the living righteous will be glorified and caught up to meet their Lord.

Corrected

23 September 2026. Previously: “A resurrection is something done to a person who genuinely died, and Christianity is committed to the second of those, which is a stranger and more specific thing to believe.” “Christianity is committed to the second” read as though the churches deny the first. The largest of them teaches both, as does Westminster; the Adventist statement is the one that denies a naturally immortal soul. Each is now attributed, and the commitment is put on the creed.

Claim 68 · checked 23 September 2026 · AI-assisted audit

Claim: What the creed commits a church to is the resurrection, which is a stranger and more specific thing to believe.

Kind: Statement of belief. What Christians named here hold by faith. Historical method cannot settle it either way.
Review: A judgement, not a fact. Reviewed for whether it is fairly put and follows from the checked claims. No source can confirm it.
Held by: Churches confessing the Nicene Creed

“Stranger and more specific” is the page’s judgement.

Supports
The Nicene CreedFinal article
Cited · Link answered, 19 October 2026 · Read in full, 23 September 2026
The source reads: and I look for the resurrection of the dead, and the life of the world to come. Amen.

Claim 69 · checked 23 September 2026 · AI-assisted audit

Why the question resists being left alone

Claim: Why the question resists being left alone

Kind: Framing. Signposting. It asserts nothing a source could check.

Claim: People do not usually arrive at a view here by reading Daniel. They arrive at it at a funeral.

Kind: This page’s reading. A judgement the page makes from the evidence. Others read it differently.
Review: A judgement, not a fact. Reviewed for whether it is fairly put and follows from the checked claims. No source can confirm it.

What this does not establish

An observation, not a finding: nothing measures how people come to their views.

Claim 71 · checked 23 September 2026 · AI-assisted audit

Claim: That is worth stating, because the arguments on all sides tend to be conducted as though the stakes were intellectual.

Kind: This page’s reading. A judgement the page makes from the evidence. Others read it differently.
Review: A judgement, not a fact. Reviewed for whether it is fairly put and follows from the checked claims. No source can confirm it.

Claim 72 · checked 23 September 2026 · AI-assisted audit

Claim: This site has no standing to tell you what happens.

Kind: Framing. Signposting. It asserts nothing a source could check.

Claim: It can tell you that the texts say less than is usually claimed for them, that what they do say is more interesting than the popular version, and that the confident answers in both directions are reaching past the evidence.

Kind: This page’s reading. A judgement the page makes from the evidence. Others read it differently.
Review: A judgement, not a fact. Reviewed for whether it is fairly put and follows from the checked claims. No source can confirm it.

The page’s conclusion, resting on the passages above.

Claim 74 · checked 23 September 2026 · AI-assisted audit

What was read

The Nicene CreedChristian Classics Ethereal Library · Christian Classics Ethereal Library, standalone creeds page (Western text, “and the Son” in brackets)Read in full, 23 September 2026 · Public domain
The Westminster Confession of Faith, chapters 1, 32 and 33: of scripture, of the state of men after death, of the last judgmentOrthodox Presbyterian Church · Orthodox Presbyterian Church text (opc.org), chapters 1, 32 and 33 read in full, with the OPC’s page on its standardsThe cited passage was read, 23 September 2026 · Public domain text
Ecclesiastes 9, World English BibleeBible.org, public domain · World English Bible, eBible.org, Ecclesiastes 9 in full with its footnoteThe cited passage was read, 23 September 2026 · Public domain
Daniel 12, World English BibleeBible.org, public domain · World English Bible, eBible.org, Daniel 12 in fullThe cited passage was read, 23 September 2026 · Public domain
1 Corinthians 15, World English BibleeBible.org, public domain · World English Bible, eBible.org, 1 Corinthians 15 in fullThe cited passage was read, 23 September 2026 · Public domain
The Possibility of Immortal Flesh, in Greek Resurrection Beliefs and the Success of ChristianityDag Øistein Endsjø, Palgrave Macmillan · Crossref record and OpenAlex abstracts of the chapter and the bookAbstract only, 23 September 2026 · Copyright; quoted brieflylink.springer.com answers with a JavaScript challenge from here; the chapter text was not read.
Acts 23, World English BibleeBible.org, public domain · World English Bible, eBible.org, Acts 23 in fullThe cited passage was read, 23 September 2026 · Public domain
Psalm 6, World English BibleeBible.org, public domain · World English Bible, eBible.org, Psalm 6 in fullThe cited passage was read, 23 September 2026 · Public domain
Isaiah 14, World English BibleeBible.org, public domain · World English Bible, eBible.org, Isaiah 14 in fullThe cited passage was read, 23 September 2026 · Public domain
Isaiah 26, World English BibleeBible.org, public domain · World English Bible, eBible.org, Isaiah 26 in fullThe cited passage was read, 23 September 2026 · Public domain
The function of Daniel 1 in a second century BCE historical contextH. J. M. van Deventer, The Journal for Transdisciplinary Research in Southern Africa 7(2) · Article PDF from td-sa.net, via doi.orgRead in full, 23 September 2026 · Open access; quoted briefly
The origin of the resurrection idea: A dialogue with George NickelsburgP. J. W. Schutte, HTS Teologiese Studies / Theological Studies 64(2) · Article PDF from hts.org.za, via doi.orgRead in full, 23 September 2026 · Open access; quoted brieflyA review article reporting George Nickelsburg’s Resurrection, Immortality, and Eternal Life (2006); what it establishes is Nickelsburg’s reading as Schutte reports it.
Matthew 10, World English BibleeBible.org, public domain · World English Bible, eBible.org, Matthew 10 in fullThe cited passage was read, 23 September 2026 · Public domain
Wisdom of Solomon 3, World English BibleeBible.org, public domain · World English Bible, eBible.org (ecumenical book set), Wisdom of Solomon 3 in fullThe cited passage was read, 23 September 2026 · Public domain
Catechism of the Catholic Church, paragraphs 120 to 130: the canon of ScriptureLibreria Editrice Vaticana · English text, vatican.va, paragraphs 120 to 130The cited passage was read, 23 September 2026 · Copyright Libreria Editrice Vaticana; quoted briefly
Phaedo, translated by Benjamin JowettPlato, Project Gutenberg · Tr. Benjamin Jowett, Project Gutenberg ebook 1658Read in full, 23 September 2026 · Public domain
PlatoRichard Kraut, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy · Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Richard Kraut, revision of 24 April 2026; opening and sections 1 to 2The cited passage was read, 23 September 2026 · Copyright; quoted briefly
Catechism of the Catholic Church, paragraphs 1030 to 1032: the final purification, or purgatoryLibreria Editrice Vaticana · English text, vatican.va, paragraphs 1030 to 1032The cited passage was read, 23 September 2026 · Copyright Libreria Editrice Vaticana; quoted briefly
Catechism of the Catholic Church, paragraphs 1033 to 1037: hellLibreria Editrice Vaticana · English text, vatican.va, paragraphs 1033 to 1037The cited passage was read, 23 September 2026 · Copyright Libreria Editrice Vaticana; quoted briefly
Catechism of the Catholic Church, paragraphs 355 to 384: manLibreria Editrice Vaticana · English text, vatican.va, paragraphs 355 to 384The cited passage was read, 23 September 2026 · Copyright Libreria Editrice Vaticana; quoted briefly
Fundamental Belief 26: Death and ResurrectionSeventh-day Adventist Church, North American Division · North American Division site, belief 26 with its supporting versesThe cited passage was read, 23 September 2026 · Copyright; quoted brieflyadventist.org answers with a Vercel security checkpoint (429) from here; the NAD page carries the same statement.
Fundamental Belief 27: The Millennium and the End of SinSeventh-day Adventist Church, North American Division · North American Division site, belief 27The cited passage was read, 23 September 2026 · Copyright; quoted brieflyadventist.org answers with a Vercel security checkpoint (429) from here.